A lot of the information we consume is in the form of highlights, summaries, or distillations. It’s the illusion of knowledge. the greatest thinkers all used information that they collected personally. They earned their knowledge the hard way either in the trenches of experience or through careful study of exemplars. They looked for raw, unfiltered information, and ventured out into the world to interact with it directly The problem isn’t merely that people are unreliable transmitters of information; the problem is also that there are limitations on the information that abstractions can represent. What’s true of maps is true of any other abstractions: by nature, they’re designed to serve the interests of their designers. Whenever possible, you need to learn something, see something, or do something for yourself. Sometimes the best information is the least transmissible. “to look around and see things that weren’t being reported—not just what they were yelling about.” e.g. To see if people will buy it, sell it even before you create it ![[Real knowledge is earned, only abstractions can be borrowed.png]] [[Self-knowledge is the only basis of true knowledge]] --- **知识不能传递，只能重新发现**。我们以为通过阅读、听讲、观看就能获得知识，但实际上我们只是在收集符号和概念。真正的知识必须通过**亲身体验的痛苦和挫折**才能内化。 抽象概念可以轻松复制粘贴，但它们缺乏**情感重量和身体记忆**。当你真正经历失败、背叛、成功、恐惧时，这些经验会在你的神经系统中留下不可磨灭的印记。这种印记才是真正的知识——它改变你的直觉、判断和反应模式。 ## 区分知识的层次 **操作性知识**确实需要亲身实践——如何骑自行车、如何谈恋爱、如何面对死亡。这些知识涉及身体技能、情感智慧和生存直觉，无法通过语言完全传达。 但**概念性知识**可以有效传递——科学事实、历史教训、逻辑关系。问题在于我们经常混淆这两种知识类型，试图用概念来替代体验，或者用体验来否定概念。 真正的智慧在于**知道什么时候需要亲身体验，什么时候可以借用抽象**。一个成熟的人既能从他人的经验中学习，避免重复愚蠢的错误，又能在关键时刻相信自己的直觉和体验。这种平衡需要的不是选择其一，而是**整合两种学习模式**的能力。