**Externalization → Manipulation → Internalization** [[Technologies are extensions of human beings]] language already transformed from an invented tool / technolgy to represent / communicate information to being integrated into the every day human experience --- Example: computer & knowledge [[Computer is a great technology because it seens to extend the human mind]] ## Externalization The Pre-Computational Era The birth of writing in Mesopotamia: first cognitive externalization Gutenberg printing press -- scalable knowledge distribution ## Manipulation ### Computers and HCI Church-Turing thesis, Universal Symbol Manipulation Xerox PARC, WIMP, GUI: user can intuitively interact with machines ### The AI Inflection Point - **Pre-LLM**: Computers store and retrieve knowledge - **Post-LLM**: Computers **generate and transform** knowledge ## Internalization ### Information Retrieval Databases & information overload Google & search box Social media & algorithms ### Knowledge Syntehsis Notion, databses (democratizing databases that normally only big corporations use to empower individuals) Obsidian, bidirecitonal links, knowledge as graph, bottom up emergence